Comment du Jour

“Lafayette, We are Here,” Commemorating U.S. Entry into WWI

St. NAZAIRE, France—“Lafayette, We are Here,” became the clarion call upon the arrival of the American Expeditionary Force to France in 1917. The USA had just entered the hostilities, three years into the Great War, and the commanding battle hardened General John Pershing was in a sense returning the favor of French military assistance during the American Revolution.  

On 26 June 1917, a flotilla of American troop ships arrived in the Atlantic port of St. Nazaire, a well situated staging center situated hundreds of miles from the Front.  Over the next few years 198,000 Americans would disembark here. 

The Sammies, as they were affectionally called by the French as a play on the words Uncle Sam, were also known as the Doughboys in the USA.

President Woodrow Wilson’s decision to join the Allies after 32 months of  neutrality was as  controversial as it was militarily complicated.  On the one hand, the young American Republic had by choice stayed away from European conflicts and overseas engagements. On the more practical side, when Wilson declared war on Germany in April 1917, the regular U.S. army stood at an understaffed 140,000 troops and with an additional 200,000 in the National Guard.

Mobilization would be nothing short of extraordinary with a combination of mass conscription and an amazing American industrial might to support the war effort.  

After all it was U.S. military assistance which decisively tipped the military balance on the  Western Front, the site of three years of unmitigated carnage for the French and British forces facing Imperial Germany.  The battles of Verdun, the Somme, Passchendaele, and Vimy Ridge were nothing less than a grinding abattoir of killing; all sides were literally bled white and      exhausted. 

Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare and the Russian Revolution decisively changed the political calculus. The Allies; the British Empire, France and Russia were slogging it out with the Central Powers; Germany, Austria/Hungary and Turkey.  Once the Czar was overthrown, Russia would later withdrew from the war and the balance of power decisively tipped against France in the West.  

As 1917 wore on, American troops flooded into France, first through St. Nazaire which became a

logistical hub which saw delivery of 2 million tons of equipment ranging from disassembled steam locomotives from Philadelphia, to cars, trucks and horses.   The logistical genius of the U.S military was on display with more than 500 transport ships bringing everything from tons of beef to cigarette rations for the troops.  Supply depots and bases dotted the Loire River region.

On a lighter side, the Sammies would introduce the French to basketball, chewing gum,  the    infectious Jazz music, and the “American Way of Life.”   

The American Expeditionary Force would see action mostly in 1918 during the bloody battles of 

Chateau Thierry and Belleau Wood among countless others.  When the hard won victory came with the Armistice in November 1918, over 53,000 Americans were killed and 210,000 wounded in this War to End all Wars.  

Tragically, the Peace of Versailles, signed a few years later, would merely set the stage for the Second World War.  

A century has passed since the Sammies disembarked at St. Nazaire and elsewhere in France.  Two million American troops were sent to France during the relatively short but sharp U.S.   intervention. 

While the centenary of America’s entry into WWI is being acknowledged in the USA, in France its meaning is far deeper with a year of commemorations and exhibits which highlight a friendship through conflict now usually only recalled by the mournful statue of a French soldier, a Poilu which graces every village with the words “Died for France.”

At the end of the war, the region commissioned a beautiful statue by the American artist Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney which showed an American Doughboy gracefully arriving, sword in hand, on the spread wings of an eagle.  That statue was destroyed by the Nazis in 1941.  In 1989,  a replica of the monument was placed back in the harbor where it majestically stands today. 

On 14 July, the French National Day, President Donald Trump visited Paris for the annual      military parade which featured some U.S. military units marching in WWI uniforms.  Weeks  earlier in St. Nazaire, the Cunard ocean liner Queen Mary 2,  made a transatlantic voyage to New York commemorating the “Bridge” linking France and America. 

Today, little strings of American and French flags drape towns in this region in tribute to 1917.   Yet, sadly forgotten in the pages of a turbulent history, the Sammies of the Great War still stare out to us from the faded black and white photos. But few remember them.

Comment du Jour

In wake of Barcelona...

France Calmer, Safer Year After Terrorist Attacks

A year ago France was on edge.  Islamic Jihadi terrorists had killed 86 people with a truck ramming incident at a Bastille Day celebration in Nice.  Shortly thereafter a elderly priest was murdered as he said Mass.  These attacks following a spate of earlier shootings in Paris killing over 130 put the country on edge.  The tension and expectation impending attacks        enveloped France like the hot and humid summer air.  

A year later France feels calmer.  Camouflage-clad Soldiers still patrol in the airport and train terminals and on some boulevards but there far less tension and nervousness.  Both the Parisians and throngs of foreign tourists feel far more secure in Cafes and the crowded streets.

The good news is that the French security services seem to have broken or at least neutralized many of the terrorist networks which have often been linked to the radicalized foreign fighters in  Syria.  Most of the “home grown” terrorists were French born and coming from rundown      suburban towns les banlieue, where a toxic mix of petty crime, drugs, and radicalized mosques have served as a breeding ground for radicals.  This is not an entirely new phenomenon but has been supercharged by the “cause” and the war in Syria.  

Intelligence estimates that 25,000 foreign fighters are in Syria.  West European militants be they from France, Belgium or Germany have become both radicalized and more importantly have learned deadly military skills while fighting in the Middle East.

Equally the political climate has changed.  The drawn out Presidential campaign contest ended in 

May with the improbable victory of Emmanuel Macron, a young, dynamic and totally different figure from the staid French political class.  Macron represents far more of a populist movement than a traditionally rigid right/left political ideology.  Still just months after his landslide election victory, Macron’s poll popularity has fallen below 40 percent. 

Paris has been selected as the site of the 2024 Summer Olympics. Significantly the Olympics present an extraordinary plus for Paris and naturally the image of France.  Interestingly the Games will coincide with the centenary 1924 Paris Olympics.  Yet the majority of Parisians are not in favor of the sporting spectacular; they fear cost overruns, widening traffic gridlock, and making themselves a terrorist target.  

President Macron will be phasing out the emergency imposed after the bloody 2015 attacks.   Operation Sentinelle, the domestic deployment of the  Army inside the country for security     details, represents the military's largest operation anywhere. 

Nonetheless the terrorist threat has hardly passed.  As Islamic State is being defeated in Iraq and Syria by a U.S. backed military coalition, the shattered remnants of the foreign fighters may drift back into Western Europe posing a clear and present danger to states from where they came.

Vigilance remains prudent.